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Medications (including all types of nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion and varenicline) have been shown to help people quit smoking. It has been unclear how much additional benefit is gained from also providing behavioural support, such as counselling or a telephone quitline. Combined results from 38 trials suggests that increasing the amount of ...

Nicobrevin is a proprietary product containing quinine, menthyl valerate, camphor and eucalyptus oil marketed as an aid to smoking cessation. No randomised trials with long-term follow-up of smoking status were identified, so there was no evidence to assess efficacy.

Behavioural support (such as brief advice and counselling) and medications (including varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapies like patches or gum) help people quit smoking. Many guidelines recommend combining medication and behavioural support to help people stop smoking, but it is unclear if some combinations are more effective than ...

NRT aims to reduce withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping smoking by replacing the nicotine from cigarettes. NRT is available as skin patches that deliver nicotine slowly, and chewing gum, nasal and oral sprays, inhalers, and lozenges/tablets, all of which deliver nicotine to the brain more quickly than from skin patches, but less rapidly than ...

Nicotine is the main addictive component in tobacco. When a person smokes a cigarette, nicotine causes chemicals in the brain to be released, which gives a feeling of reward to the smoker. This reward is part of the reason why people keep smoking. Nicotine vaccines are designed to work by reducing the effects of nicotine on the brain, meaning the smoker ...

Silver acetate products (gum, lozenge, and spray) produce an unpleasant metallic taste when combined with cigarettes, so they are used as a form of aversion therapy for smoking. However, the review of trials found little evidence to show that silver acetate helps smokers quit. Any beneficial effect of silver acetate is likely to be very small, and less ...

Smoking during pregnancy is a widespread health problem that causes much harm to women and their infants. Adverse pregnancy outcomes include miscarriage, preterm birth (less than 37 weeks' gestation) and low birthweight (less than 2500 g) babies. Tobacco smoking is associated with low socioeconomic status and those women who continue to smoke during ...

Long-term use of nicotine can upset the endocannabinoid system in the brain, which controls food intake and energy balance. Rimonabant and similar drugs may help smokers to quit by rebalancing the system, which then reduces nicotine and food cravings. We searched our own specialised register of controlled trials. We also contacted Sanofi Aventis, the ...

When people stop smoking they experience cravings to smoke and unpleasant mood changes. Nicotine receptor partial agonists aim to reduce withdrawal symptoms and smoking satisfaction. Two recent trials of cytisine (937 people) confirm that it can be an effective and affordable treatment for smoking cessation. Quit rates were low, however, at around 9% ...

Lobeline is an alkaloid derived from the leaves of an Indian tobacco plant, and has been widely used in commercial smoking remedies. Its adverse effects include dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, and tablets and pastilles containing Lobeline may lead to throat irritation. The review found no adequate long-term trials which could provide evidence that ...