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Antenatal perineal massage helps reduce both perineal trauma during birth and pain afterwards. Most women are keen to give birth without perineal tears, cuts and stitches, as these often cause pain and discomfort afterwards, and this can impact negatively on sexual functioning. Perineal massage during the last month of pregnancy has been suggested as ...

Female genital cutting (FGC) also known as female genital mutilation (FGM) or female circumcision is when some or all of a woman's or girl's external genital organs are cut or damaged for cultural beliefs, or reasons not connected with medical treatments. It is often performed by traditional practitioners such as traditional birth attendants without ...

Continuous stitching causes less pain than interrupted absorbable stitches when used for repairing the perineum after childbirth. When women give birth, the perineum (the area between the vaginal opening and back passage) sometimes tears or it may be necessary for them to have an episiotomy (surgical cut) to increase the size of the vaginal outlet to ...

Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at the vaginal opening as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the anal sphincter and anus. The midwife or obstetrician may decide to make a surgical cut to the perineum with scissors or scalpel (episiotomy) ...

Trauma to the perineum of varying degrees constitutes the most common form of obstetric injury. The perineum is the area between the vagina and rectum which can tear during childbirth. In clinical practice these tears are often sutured. However, small tears may also heal well without surgical interference. If pain is experienced, this can result in ...

Most women are able to give birth without serious damage to their perineum. However, severe perineal trauma, which affects the muscle or tissue in the back passage, occurs in 1% to 8% of women giving birth and is common when forceps are used. There is an increased chance of infection when this happens, and antibiotics are often prescribed. The review ...

Approximately 70% of women who have a vaginal birth will experience some degree of damage to the perineum, due to a tear or cut (episiotomy), and will need stitches. This damage may result in perineal pain during the two weeks after the birth, and some women experience long-term pain and discomfort during sexual intercourse. The impact of perineal trauma ...

Ways of repairing damage to the muscles of the back passage following tearing during a difficult vaginal birth. Most women give birth without any significant damage to their perineums or back passages. However, occasionally, in about 1% to 4% of births, there is tearing and damage which extends to the back passage, and this can cause considerable problems ...