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When children must give a blood specimen or have an intravenous drip inserted, many feel pain. Drugs like EMLA and amethocaine have been developed to numb the skin and prevent or ease pain caused by needle insertion. EMLA is generally applied for 60 minutes before the procedure, whereas amethocaine is applied for 30 minutes before drawing a blood specimen ...

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a minimally invasive technique used to treat patients with chronic sinusitis (defined as inflammation of the mucous membrane in the paranasal sinuses (air cavities within the facial bones) and fluid within the sinus cavity that lasts longer than 12 weeks). The surgeon uses a small endoscope (miniature camera) ...

Background and Importance Critically ill patients receiving assistance from breathing machines (ventilators) may be restored to normal breathing using clinical methods (collectively termed weaning) that require both expertise and continuous monitoring. Inefficient weaning may result in a prolonged time on a ventilator putting patients at risk of lung ...

The clinical research is insufficient to support the routine use of inhaled prostacyclin for acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in critically ill children or adults with low blood oxygen levels. Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are critical respiratory conditions that are triggered by respiratory ...

Insufficient evidence is available from randomized controlled trials to support the use of antithrombin III to improve the survival of critically ill patients. Antithrombin III (AT III) is an anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory properties. In the present systematic review we set out to assess the benefits and harms of its use in critically ill patients. ...

There is a lack of knowledge from previous research to support the use of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) to improve the survival of patients with acute respiratory failure and low blood oxygen levels. In the present systematic review we set out to assess the benefits and harms of its use in patients with acute respiratory failure. We identified 14 randomized ...

Neuropathic pain is pain that arises from damage to the part of the nervous system that carries sensory information to the brain. It is difficult to treat because of its severity, duration and resistance to simple painkillers. Some studies have suggested that oxcarbazepine, when given on its own, can relieve pain from nerve damage. To investigate the ...

There is a lack of knowledge from previous research to support the use of TEG or ROTEM to guide the transfusion strategy in patients with massive bleeding. Massive transfusion is defined as the total replacement of a patient's blood volume in a period of 24 hours, a transfusion of at least four red blood cell concentrates within one hour, or the replacement ...

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are life-threatening conditions. They are characterized by acute lung inflammation causing pulmonary congestion, stiff lungs that increase the work of breathing, and reduced ability of the lungs to adequately oxygenate the blood. Survivors can have a reduced quality of life. Patients ...

Cardiopulmonary arrest in children is uncommon however the numbers of children who survive are very low. Resulting brain injury in the survivors can be devastating for the child and family. Cooling the patient to a temperature of 32 °C to 34 °C, which is 3 °C to 4 °C below normal (therapeutic hypothermia), has previously been found to improve survival ...