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Relationship and dating violence is a significant problem among adolescents and young adults. Relationship violence includes a range of violent behaviours, from verbal abuse to physical and sexual assault, and from threats to rape and murder. Currently there are many programmes in schools and universities and within community settings that aim to prevent ...

Cutaneous melanoma is one of the deadliest types of skin cancer, and its incidence is rising in all Western countries. Furthermore, melanoma is one of the solid tumours most resistant to treatment with chemotherapy, which means that the outlook for people whose cancer has spread through their body (distant metastatic disease) is dismal, with only 10% ...

The common cold is often caused by the rhinovirus. It is one of the most widespread illnesses and is a leading cause of visits to the doctor and absence from school and work. Complications of the common cold include ear infection, sinusitis and exacerbations of reactive airway diseases. There is no proven treatment for the common cold. However, an even ...

Evidence does not support routinely breaking the waters for women in normally progressing spontaneous labour or where labours have become prolonged. The aim of breaking the waters (also known as artificial rupture of the membranes (ARM), or amniotomy), is to speed up and strengthen contractions, and thus shorten the length of labour. The membranes are ...

Labour may be considered to be a period of prolonged exercise. Labouring women may become dehydrated as a result of the physical exertion caused by the muscles of the womb contracting. In many institutions women are subjected to a questionable policy of restricted oral intake. Only sips of water or ice chips are allowed. In institutions where this is ...

The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain and traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) refers to any injury to the optic nerve secondary to trauma. After the optic nerve has been injured, it becomes more swollen and this can lead to further damage. Traumatic optic neuropathy often results in severe visual loss and the vast majority ...

Depression affects about one in 20 young people, and can contribute to a variety of negative outcomes, such as poor academic functioning and difficulties in peer and family relationships. Depression also increases the risk for substance use, self harm and suicide. Beginning with imipramine, tricyclic drugs were developed from the late 1950s to alleviate ...

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a worldwide healthcare burden. However, it is thought that CVD risk can be lowered by changing a number of modifiable risk factors such as diet, and this includes the intake of tea. This review assessed the effectiveness of green tea, black tea or black/green tea extracts in healthy adults and those at high risk of CVD. ...

Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease, improving quality of life and extending the recipient's life expectancy. Interventions aimed at reducing the burden of post-transplant complications are a major area of research amongst the transplant community. Major urological complications (MUCs) (e.g. urine leak, obstruction) ...

Screening with mammography uses X-ray imaging to find breast cancer before a lump can be felt. The goal is to treat cancer earlier, when a cure is more likely. The review includes seven trials that involved 600,000 women in the age range 39 to 74 years who were randomly assigned to receive screening mammograms or not. The studies which provided the ...