Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth

Beveridge CJE, Wilkinson AR

Published Online:

January 21, 2009

Intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate to newborn babies during resuscitation in the delivery room at birth. At birth some babies who do not start breathing spontaneously have an abnormal amount of acid in their blood. To treat this, an alkaline drug, sodium bicarbonate, has often been given intravenously. Although this has been common practice for over thirty years, there is no good evidence that this is beneficial and may cause harm. We found only one high quality study of 55 babies that compared sodium bicarbonate treatment with no treatment. The study did not show any benefit of the use of this drug immediately after birth, nor any adverse effects.

Abstract (click to read)

Background:

For many years, intravenous sodium bicarbonate has been used to reverse acidosis during newborn resuscitation. However, controversy surrounds its use. Most of the evidence has been derived from studies in animals, adult humans, or in uncontrolled, descriptive experiments. Despite the lack of evidence from the human neonatal population and concerns about its safety, some international resuscitation guidelines still recommend the use of sodium bicarbonate in resuscitation of the newborn.

Objectives:

To determine whether an intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate, compared to placebo or no treatment, reduces mortality and morbidity (in particular regarding neurodevelopmental outcome) in infants receiving resuscitation in the delivery room at birth.

Search strategy:

We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. Searches were conducted of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2005), MEDLINE (1966 - September 2005), EMBASE (1980 - September 2005) and CINAHL (1982 - September 2005) and Pediatric Research (1987 - September 2005). Unpublished trials were sought by handsearching the conference proceedings of American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research (1990 - 2005) and European Society for Paediatric Research (1993 - 2005).

Selection criteria:

Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials of newborn infants receiving sodium bicarbonate infusion during any resuscitation in the delivery room at birth.

Data collection and analysis:

Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. Study authors were contacted for additional information.

Main results:

We found one randomised controlled trial that fulfilled the eligibility criteria (Lokesh 2004) that compared treating asphyxiated newborn infants (infants continuing to need positive pressure ventilation at 5 minutes after birth) with sodium bicarbonate infusion (N = 27) versus 5% dextrose (N = 28). They found no evidence of an effect on mortality prior to discharge [Relative risk 1.04 (95% confidence interval 0.49 to 2.21)], abnormal neurological examination at discharge [Relative risk 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.30 to 2.50)] or a composite outcome of death or abnormal neurological examination at discharge [Relative risk 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.59 to 1.60)]. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of encephalopathy [Relative risk 1.30 (95% confidence interval 0.88 to 1.92)], intraventricular haemorrhage [Relative risk 1.04 (95% confidence interval 0.23 to 4.70)] and neonatal seizures [Relative risk 1.19 (95% confidence interval 0.50 to 2.82)]. No long term neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed.

Authors' conclusions:

There is insufficient evidence from randomised controlled trials to determine whether the infusion of sodium bicarbonate reduces mortality and morbidity in infants receiving resuscitation in the delivery room at birth.

This record should be cited as:

Beveridge CJE, Wilkinson AR. Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004864. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004864.pub2

Assessed as up to date:

September 30, 2005

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Primary Review Group:

Neonatal Group

Health topics:

Neonatal care > Immediate care of the newborn

Cochrane Summaries^beta

Independent high-quality evidence for health care decision making

Sodium bicarbonate infusion during resuscitation of infants at birth

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