Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy

Craven PD, Badawi N, Henderson-Smart DJ, O'Brien M

Published Online:

January 21, 2009

Not enough evidence to show whether regional anaesthesia is better than general anaesthetic for a preterm baby having surgery for inguinal hernia. Babies born preterm (before 37 weeks) often have serious health problems and sometimes need surgery. Inguinal hernia (where the intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall) is the commonest condition where surgery is needed. General anaesthetics for surgery can disrupt breathing and cause other complications in preterm babies. Regional anaesthetics including spinal block (injection) might avoid complications. Whether this improves outcomes for preterm babies having surgery has been unclear. The review found that there is not enough evidence from trials to show whether or not spinal block improves outcomes for a preterm baby having surgery for inguinal hernia.

Abstract (click to read)

Background:

With improvements in neonatal intensive care, more premature infants are surviving the neonatal period. With this increase, more are presenting for surgery in early infancy. Of predominance in this period is the repair of inguinal herniae, appearing in 38% of infants whose birth weight is between 751g and 1000g. Most postoperative studies show that approximately 20% to 30% of otherwise healthy former preterm infants having inguinal herniorrhaphy under general anaesthesia have one or more apnoeas in the postoperative period. Regional anaesthesia might reduce postoperative apnoea in this population.

Objectives:

To determine if regional anaesthesia, in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy, reduces post-operative apnoea, bradycardia, and the use of assisted ventilation, in comparison to those infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy with general anaesthesia.

Search strategy:

Randomised controlled trials were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966-Nov 2002), EMBASE (1982-Nov 2002), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2002), reference lists of published trials and abstracts published in Pediatric Research.

Selection criteria:

Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of spinal versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy.

Data collection and analysis:

Data were extracted and the analyses performed independently by two reviewers. Authors of each eligible study were contacted for missing data. Studies were analysed for methodologic quality using the criteria of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. All data were analysed using RevMan 4.1. When possible meta-analysis was performed to calculate typical relative risk, typical risk difference, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Main results:

Four small trials comparing spinal with general anaesthesia in the repair of inguinal hernia were identified. One trial was excluded due to inadequate information. There was no statistically significant difference in the proportions of infants having postoperative apnoea/bradycardia, typical RR 0.69 (0.40, 1.21) or postoperative oxygen desaturations, RR 0.91 (0.61, 1.37). If infants having preoperative sedatives were excluded, then the meta-analysis supported a reduction in postoperative apnoea in the spinal anaesthetic group, typical RR 0.39 (0.19, 0.81). There was a reduction of borderline statistical significance in the use of postoperative assisted ventilation with spinal anaesthesia. There was an increase of borderline statistical significance in anaesthetic placement failure when spinal anaesthesia was attempted.

Authors' conclusions:

There is no reliable evidence from the trials reviewed concerning the effect of spinal as compared to general anaesthesia on the incidence of post-operative apnoea, bradycardia, or oxygen desaturation in ex-preterm infants undergoing herniorrhaphy. The estimates of effect in this review are based on a total population of only 108 patients or fewer.

A large well designed randomised controlled trial is needed to determine if spinal anaesthesia reduces post-operative apnoea in ex-preterm infants not pretreated with sedatives. Adequate blinding, follow up and intention to treat analysis are required.

This record should be cited as:

Craven PD, Badawi N, Henderson-Smart DJ, O'Brien M. Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD003669. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003669

Assessed as up to date:

April 1, 2003

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Primary Review Group:

Neonatal Group

Health topics:

Neonatal care > Other

Cochrane Summaries^beta

Independent high-quality evidence for health care decision making

Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in early infancy

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