Can people be helped to stop smoking before they have surgery?

Thomsen T, Villebro N, Møller AM

Published Online:

September 8, 2010

Smoking is a well-known risk factor for complications after surgery. Studies of interventions to encourage smokers to stop smoking before their operation show that short- and long-term quitting can be achieved. Evidence from two small trials indicates that interventions that begin four to eight weeks before surgery, which include weekly counselling and use NRT, support smoking cessation and may reduce complication rates. Brief interventions support short-term smoking cessation but there is insufficient evidence from this review to determine whether they reduce complications. This may be due to the longer period of pre-operative abstinence that can be achieved when interventions begin four to eight weeks before surgery.

Abstract (click to read)

Background:

Smokers have a substantially increased risk of postoperative complications. Preoperative smoking intervention may be effective in decreasing this incidence, and surgery may constitute a unique opportunity for smoking cessation interventions.

Objectives:

The objective of this review was to assess the effect of preoperative smoking intervention on smoking cessation at the time of surgery and 12 months postoperatively and on the incidence of postoperative complications.

Search strategy:

The specialized register of the Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group was searched using the free text and keywords (surgery) or (operation) or (anaesthesia) or (anesthesia). MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were also searched, combining tobacco- and surgery-related terms. Most recent search April 2010.

Selection criteria:

Randomized controlled trials that recruited people who smoked prior to surgery, offered a smoking cessation intervention, and measured preoperative and long-term abstinence from smoking and/or the incidence of postoperative complications.

Data collection and analysis:

The authors independently assessed studies to determine eligibility. Results were discussed between the authors.

Main results:

Eight trials enrolling a total of 1156 people met the inclusion criteria. One of these did not report cessation as an outcome. Two trials initiated multisession face to face counselling at least 6 weeks before surgery whilst six used a brief intervention. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was offered or recommended to some or all participants in seven trials. Five trials detected significantly increased smoking cessation at the time of surgery, and one approached significance. Subgroup analyses showed that both intensive and brief intervention significantly increased smoking cessation at the time of surgery; pooled RR 10.76 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.55 to 25.46, two trials) and RR 1.41 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.63, five trials) respectively. Four trials evaluating the effect on long-term smoking cessation found a significant effect; pooled RR 1.61 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.33). However, when pooling intensive and brief interventions separately, only intensive intervention retained a significant effect on long-term smoking cessation; RR 2.96 (95% CI 1.57 to 5.55, two trials).

Five trials examined the effect of smoking intervention on postoperative complications. Pooled risk ratios were 0.70 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.88) for developing any complication; and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51 to 0.95) for wound complications. Exploratory subgroup analyses showed a significant effect of intensive intervention on any complications; RR 0.42 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.65) and on wound complications RR 0.31 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.62). For brief interventions the effect was not statistically significant but CIs do not rule out a clinically significant effect (RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.25) for any complication, RR 0.99 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.40) for wound complications).

Authors' conclusions:

There is evidence that preoperative smoking interventions including NRT increase short-term smoking cessation and may reduce postoperative morbidity. The optimal preoperative intervention intensity remains unknown. Based on indirect comparisons and evidence from two small trials, interventions that begin four to eight weeks before surgery, include weekly counselling, and use NRT are more likely to have an impact on complications and on long-term smoking cessation.

This record should be cited as:

Thomsen T, Villebro N, Møller AM. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002294. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002294.pub3

Assessed as up to date:

May 10, 2010

Find the research

Get full text at The Cochrane Library

Primary Review Group:

Tobacco Addiction Group

PEARLS - Practical Evidence About Real Life Situations (click to read)

Clinical question:

How effective are preoperative interventions on smoking cessation at the time of surgery and 12 months postoperatively, and on the incidence of postoperative complications?

Bottom line:

Based on indirect comparisons and evidence from 2 small trials, interventions that begin 4 to 8 weeks before surgery and which include weekly counselling, and nicotine replacement therapy, are more likely than standard care to have an impact on complications and on long-term smoking cessation. None of the studies reported any adverse effects of preoperative smoking intervention.

Caveat:

This review included 8 studies addressing smoking cessation but only 5 of them addressed postoperative complications. Six trials testing brief interventions increased smoking cessation at the time of surgery, but failed to detect a statistically significant effect on postoperative morbidity. The optimal preoperative intervention intensity remains unknown.

Context:

Cochrane Systematic Review:

Thomsen T et al. Interventions for preoperative smoking cessation. Cochrane Reviews, 2010, Issue 7. Article No. CD002294. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002294.Pub3. This review contains 8 studies involving 1156 participants.

Authored by:

Brian R McAvoy

Cochrane Primary Health Care Field

Health topics:

Lungs & airways > Smoking cessation > Interventions in specific groups

Tobacco, drugs, & alcohol dependence > Tobacco > Interventions in specific groups

Cochrane Summaries^beta

Independent high-quality evidence for health care decision making

Can people be helped to stop smoking before they have surgery?

More like this

Copyright © 2011 - The Cochrane Collaboration